The ideas of radicalism and extremism in the educational practices of the humanities

Introduction. The article defines the concepts of radicalism, extremism, terrorism, their conceptual relationship, as well as their importance for the modern educational environment. Purpose setting. The main task is to distinguish and compare the concepts of «radicalism», «extremism», «terrorism», as well as to clarify the question – is it necessary to acquaint students with these ideas for the purpose of preventive education of an individual with an active civic position? And which humanitarian disciplines can cope with such a task? Methodology and methods of the study. These are conceptual analysis, analysis of documentary sources, description, comparison, analogy. Results. The analysis of the concepts of «extremism», «radicalism», «terrorism» is carried out according to the legislative interpretations of the Russian Federation, and the irreducibility of these concepts to each other is shown due to significant differences. The term «radicalism» implies only a theoretical basis for changing the existing state structure, while «extremism» develops ways to implement a radical idea, and «terrorism» already carries out illegal activities in relation to government bodies. The ideas of radicalism and extremism are constantly reproduced in various spheres of society, which is why it is so important to develop preventive measures and control these ideas by the state. One of the educational preventive measures is the introduction of a new discipline, «Fundamentals of Russian Statehood». Conclusion. The discipline «Fundamentals of Russian Statehood», reflecting the ideological sentiments of the state, has all the resources to implement an educational strategy, the formation of critical thinking and an active civic position in young people.

1. New Social Movements in the Digital Age: Articles, Interviews, Expert Opinions: monograph. Moskva: Russkoe obshchestvo istorii i filosofii nauk, 2020, 282 p. (In Russ.)

2. On approval of the Strategy for Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 1124. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_495013/ (accessed 02.01.2025).

3. On Counteracting Extremist Activity: Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ (as amended on May 15, 2024). URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/18939/ (accessed 02.16.2025).

4. Bizina M. Yu. Comparative analysis of the concept of «radicalism» from the legal and social points of view in the Russian Federation and foreign countries in the new digital reality. Bulletin of Tomsk state universitety. Philosophy. Sociology. Politology, 2021, no. 63, pp. 153–161. (In Russ.)

5. On Combating Terrorism: Federal Law of March 6, 2006 No. 35-FZ (latest revision). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_58840/ (accessed 02.01.2025).

6. Alchemists of Revolution: Terrorism in the Modern World. Ed. by R. E. Rubenstein. New York, Basic Books Publ., 1987, 266 p.

7. Cross R., Snow D. A. Radicalism within the Context of Social Movements: Processes and Types. J. of Strategic Security, 2012, vol. 4, nо. 4, pp. 115–130.

8. Antonovsky A. Yu., Barash R. E. Social network movements as a metaphor of artificial intelligence. Bulletin of Tomsk state universitety. Philosophy. Sociology. Politology, 2019, no. 50, pp. 5–20. (In Russ.)

9. Apollosov D. I. Radicalization as a socio-political phenomenon. National security and strategic planning, 2018, no. 3/23, pp. 16–21. (In Russ.)

10. Comprehensive plan for countering the ideology of terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2024–2028 (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 30.12.2023 Nо. Pr-2610). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_469046/ (accessed 02.01.2025).

11. Mamedaliev Z. G. Confrontation of Culture and Civilization: Heidegger, Habermas, Huntington. Values and meanings, 2017, no. 3 (49), pp. 48–58. (In Russ.)

12. Nekrasova E. V. Youth extremism and the main directions of its prevention in modern Russian society. Bulletin of Moscow universitety. Ser. 18. Sociology and politology, 2012, no. 3, pp. 92–108. (In Russ.)

13. Osipov V. G. Radicalism, Extremism and Terrorism. On the methodology of problematization. The Sociological Almanac, 2018, no. 1, pp. 51–61. (In Russ.)

14. Pain Eh. A. The social nature of extremism and terrorism. Social sciences and modernity, 2002, no. 4, pp. 113–124. (In Russ.)

15. Poltavskaya Yu. N. Radicalism and extremism in modern Russia: political meanings. Bulletin of Saratov universitety. Vol. 12. Ser. Sociology. Politology, 2012, Issue 2, pp. 104–107. (In Russ.)

16. Samoilov S. F., Nasirov M. N. On the Problem of Distinguishing the Concepts of Social and Political Radicalism. Society: politics, economics, law, 2016, no. 2, pp. 13–17. (In Russ.)

17. Theories and practices of radicalism and extremism: collection of articles. Edited by V. A. Tishkov. Moscow, IEHA RAN Publ., 2023, 384 p. (In Russ.)

18. On Education in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 29, 2012, no. 273-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) (as amended and supplemented, intro. effective from 09/01/2024). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_140174/ (accessed 02.02.2025).

19. Habermas Yu. Faith and knowledge. The future of human nature. Moscow, Ves’ mir Publ., 2002, 144 p. (In Russ.)

20. Extremist materials. Website of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. URL: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/extremist-materials/?page=1&/ (accessed 02.07.2025).